After Effects uses something called keyframing -- you can define "poses" for the asteroids at different points in time, and Ae will tween them: that is, calculate all the in-between frames.
If you're new to After Effects, I'd recommend the following link, in which Adobe's Todd Kopriva pulls together some important introductory materials:
http://blogs.adobe.com/toddkopriva/2010/01/getting-started-with-after-eff.h...
Walter Soyka
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